Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial indicated for treating infections in adults 18 years of age and older caused by designated susceptible bacteria, in the conditions listed below: Community Acquired Pneumonia (1.1) Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Uncomplicated (1.2) and Complicated (1.3) Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections (1.4) Plague (1.5) Acute Bacterial Sinusitis (1.6) Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (1.7) To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of moxifloxacin and other antibacterial drugs. Moxifloxacin should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. (1.8)

1.1 Community Acquired Pneumonia Moxifloxacin is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia caused by susceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae [MDRSP]) , Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Chlamydophila pneumoniae [see Clinical Studies (14.3) ]. MDRSP isolates are isolates resistant to two or more of the following antibacterial drugs: penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC] ≥ 2 mcg/mL), 2nd generation cephalosporins (for example, cefuroxime), macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

1.2 Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Moxifloxacin is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by susceptible isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes [see Clinical ​​​​​​​Studies (14.4) ].

1.3 Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Moxifloxacin is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by susceptible isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Enterobacter cloacae [see Clinical Studies (14.5) ].

1.4 Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections Moxifloxacin is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections (cIAI) including polymicrobial infections such as abscess caused by susceptible isolates of Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, or Peptostreptococcus species [see Clinical Studies ( 14.6 ) ] .

1.5 Plague Moxifloxacin is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of plague, including pneumonic and septicemic plague, due to susceptible isolates of Yersinia pestis and prophylaxis of plague in adult patients. Efficacy studies of moxifloxacin could not be conducted in humans with plague for feasibility reasons. Therefore, this indication is based on an efficacy study conducted in animals only [see Clinical Studies ( 14.7 ) ] .

1.6 Acute Bacterial Sinusitis Moxifloxacin is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) caused by susceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae , or Moraxella catarrhalis [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ] . Because fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with serious adverse reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5 .1 – 5.14 )] and for some patients ABS is self-limiting, reserve moxifloxacin for treatment of ABS in patients who have no alternative treatment options.

1.7 Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis Moxifloxacin is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (ABECB) caused by susceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, or Moraxella catarrhalis [see Clinical Studies (14.2) ]. Because fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with serious adverse reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1 – 5.14) ] and for some patients ABECB is self-limiting, reserve moxifloxacin for treatment of ABECB in patients who have no alternative treatment options.

1.8 Usage To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of moxifloxacin tablets and other antibacterial drugs, moxifloxacin tablets should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

Tablets: 400 mg moxifloxacin (3.1)

3.1 Moxifloxacin tablets, USP Pink, biconvex, capsule shaped tablets debossed with “CE” on one side and “312” on the other side containing moxifloxacin (equivalent to 436.33 mg moxifloxacin hydrochloride).

Moxifloxacin tablets are contraindicated in persons with a history of hypersensitivity to moxifloxacin or any member of the quinolone class of antibacterials [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 ) ] . Known hypersensitivity to moxifloxacin or other quinolones ( 4 , 5.8 )

Prolongation of the QT interval and isolated cases of torsade de pointes has been reported. Avoid use in patients with known prolongation, proarrhythmic conditions such as clinically significant bradycardia or acute myocardial ischemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and with drugs that prolong the QT interval. ( 5.6 , 7.5, 8.5 ) Hypersensitivity and other serious reactions: Serious and sometimes fatal reactions, including anaphylactic reactions, may occur after first or subsequent doses of moxifloxacin. Discontinue moxifloxacin at first sign of skinrash, jaundice or any other sign of hypersensitivity. ( 5.7 , 5.8 ) Clostridiodes difficile -Associated Diarrhea: Evaluate if diarrhea occurs. ( 5.10 )

5.1 Disabling and Potentially Irreversible Serious Adverse Reactions Including Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture, Peripheral Neuropathy, and Central Nervous System Effects Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions from different body systems that can occur together in the same patient. Commonly seen adverse reactions include tendinitis, tendon rupture, arthralgia, myalgia, peripheral neuropathy, and central nervous system effects (hallucinations, anxiety, depression, insomnia, severe headaches, and confusion). These reactions can occur within hours to weeks after starting moxifloxacin. Patients of any age or without pre-existing risk factors have experienced these adverse reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 , 5.3 , 5.4 )] . Discontinue moxifloxacin immediately at the first signs or symptoms of any serious adverse reaction. In addition, avoid the use of fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, in patients who have experienced any of these serious adverse reactions associated with fluoroquinolones.

5.2 Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture in all ages [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) and Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 ) ] . This adverse reaction most frequently involves the Achilles tendon, and has also been reported with the rotator cuff (the shoulder), the hand, the biceps, the thumb, and other tendons. Tendinitis or tendon rupture can occur within hours or days of starting moxifloxacin or as long as several months after completion of therapy. Tendinitis and tendon rupture can occur bilaterally. The risk of developing fluoroquinolone-associated tendinitis and tendon rupture is increased in patients over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants. Other factors that may independently increase the risk of tendon rupture include strenuous physical activity, renal failure, and previous tendon disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Tendinitis and tendon rupture have also occurred in patients taking fluoroquinolones who do not have the above risk factors. Discontinue moxifloxacin immediately if the patient experiences pain, swelling, inflammation or rupture of a tendon. Patients should be advised to rest at the first sign of tendinitis or tendon rupture, and to contact their healthcare provider regarding changing to a non-quinolone antimicrobial drug. Avoid fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, in patients who have a history of tendon disorders or who have experienced tendinitis or tendon rupture [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 ) ].

5.3 Peripheral Neuropathy Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with an increased risk of peripheral neuropathy. Cases of sensory or sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy affecting small and/or large axons resulting in paresthesias, hypoesthesias, dysesthesias and weakness have been reported in patients receiving fluoroquinolones including moxifloxacin. Symptoms may occur soon after initiation of moxifloxacin and may be irreversible in some patients [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) and Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 , 6.2 )] . Discontinue moxifloxacin immediately if the patient experiences symptoms of peripheral neuropathy including pain, burning, tingling, numbness, and/or weakness or other alterations of sensation including light touch, pain, temperature, position sense, and vibratory sensation . Avoid fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, in patients who have previously experienced peripheral neuropathy.

5.4 Central Nervous System Effects Psychiatric Adverse Reactions Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with an increased risk of psychiatric adverse reactions, including: toxic psychosis, hallucinations, or paranoia; depression or suicidal thoughts or acts; anxiety, agitation, or nervousness; confusion, delirium, disorientation, or disturbances in attention; insomnia or nightmares; memory impairment. These adverse reactions may occur following the first dose. If these reactions occur in patients receiving moxifloxacin, discontinue moxifloxacin immediately and institute appropriate measures [ see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 , 6.2 ) ]. Central Nervous System Adverse Reactions Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with an increased risk of seizures (convulsions), increased intracranial pressure (including pseudotumor cerebri), dizziness, and tremors. As with all fluoroquinolones, use moxifloxacin with caution in patients with known or suspected CNS disorders (for example, severe cerebral arteriosclerosis, epilepsy) or in the presence of other risk factors that may predispose to seizures or lower the seizure threshold. These adverse reactions may occur following the first dose. If these reactions occur in patients receiving moxifloxacin, discontinue moxifloxacin immediately and institute appropriate measures [ see Drug Interactions (7.4) Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 , 6.2 ), and Patient Counseling Information (17) ].

5.5 Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have neuromuscular blocking activity and may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. Postmarketing serious adverse reactions, including deaths and requirement for ventilatory support, have been associated with fluoroquinolone use in patients with myasthenia gravis. Avoid moxifloxacin in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis . 5.6 QT Prolongation Moxifloxacin has been shown to prolong the QT interval of the electrocardiogram in some patients. Following oral dosing with 400 mg of moxifloxacin the mean (± SD) change in QTc from the pre-dose value at the time of maximum drug concentration was 6 msec (± 26) (n = 787). Following a course of daily intravenous dosing (400 mg; 1 hour infusion each day) the mean change in QTc from the Day 1 pre-dose value was 10 msec (±22) on Day 1 (n=667) and 7 msec (± 24) on Day 3 (n = 667). Avoid moxifloxacin in patients with the following risk factors due to the lack of clinical experience with the drug in these patient populations: Known prolongation of the QT interval Ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes because QT prolongation may lead to an increased risk for these conditions Ongoing proarrhythmic conditions, such as clinically significant bradycardia and acute myocardial ischemia, Uncorrected hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia Class IA (for example, quinidine, procainamide) or Class III (for example, amiodarone, sotalol) antiarrhythmic agents Other drugs that prolong the QT interval such as cisapride, erythromycin, antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants Elderly patients using intravenous moxifloxacin may be more susceptible to drug-associated QT prolongation [see Use In Specific Populations ( 8.5 ) ]. In patients with mild, moderate, or severe liver cirrhosis, metabolic disturbances associated with hepatic insufficiency may lead to QT prolongation. Monitor ECG in patients with liver cirrhosis treated with moxifloxacin [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ]. […]

The following serious and otherwise important adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in the warnings and precautions section of the label: Disabling and Potentially Irreversible Serious Adverse Reactions Including Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture, Peripheral Neuropathy, and Central Nervous System Effects [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ] Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 ) ] Peripheral Neuropathy [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ) ] Central Nervous System Effects [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 ) ] Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 ) ] QT Prolongation [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 ) ] Other Serious and Sometimes Fatal Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7 ) ] Risk of Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.9 ) ] Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 ) ] Clostridioides difficile -Associated Diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.10 ) ] Blood Glucose Disturbances [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.12 ) ] Photosensitivity/Phototoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.13 ) ] Development of Drug Resistant Bacteria [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.14 ) ] Most common reactions (3% or greater) were nausea, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. (6) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Chartwell RX, LLC at 1-845-232-1683 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch .

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The data described below reflect exposure to moxifloxacin in 14981 patients in 71 active controlled Phase II–IV clinical trials in different indications [see Indications and Usage (1) ] . The population studied had a mean age of 50 years (approximately 73% of the population was less than 65 years of age), 50% were male, 63% were Caucasian, 12% were Asian and 9% were Black. Patients received moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily oral, intravenous, or sequentially (intravenous followed by oral). Treatment duration was usually 6 to 10 days, and the mean number of days on therapy was 9 days. Discontinuation of moxifloxacin due to adverse reactions occurred in 5% of patients overall, 4% of patients treated with 400 mg PO, 4% with 400 mg intravenous and 8% with sequential therapy 400 mg oral/intravenous. The most common adverse reactions (>0.3%) leading to discontinuation with the 400 mg oral doses were nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, and vomiting. The most common adverse reaction leading to discontinuation with the 400 mg intravenous dose was rash. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation with the 400 mg intravenous/oral sequential dose were diarrhea, pyrexia. Adverse reactions occurring in 1% of moxifloxacin-treated patients and less common adverse reactions, occurring in 0.1 to 1% of moxifloxacin-treated patients, are shown in Tables 2 and Table 3, respectively. The most common adverse drug reactions (3%) are nausea, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. Table 2: Common (1% or more) Adverse Reactions Reported in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials with Moxifloxacin System Organ Class Adverse Reactions % (N=14,981) Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders Anemia 1 Gastrointestinal Disorders Nausea Diarrhea Vomiting Constipation Abdominal pain Dyspepsia 7 6 2 2 ​​​​​​​2 1 General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions Pyrexia 1 Investigations Alanine aminotransferase increased 1 Metabolism and Nutritional Disorder Hypokalemia 1 Nervous System Disorders Headache Dizziness 4 3 Psychiatric Disorders Insomnia 2 Table 3: Less Common (0.1 to less than 1%) Adverse Reactions Reported in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials with Moxifloxacin (N=14,981) ​​​​​​​ System Organ Class Adverse Reactions Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders Thrombocythemia Eosinophilia Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Leukopenia ​​​​​​​Leukocytosis Cardiac Disorders Atrial fibrillation Palpitations Tachycardia Angina pectoris Cardiac failure Cardiac arrest Bradycardia Ear and Labyrinth Disorders Vertigo Tinnitus Eye Disorders Vision blurred Gastrointestinal Disorders Dry mouth Abdominal discomfort Flatulence Abdominal distention Gastritis Gastroesophageal reflux disease General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions Fatigue Chest pain Asthenia Pain Malaise Infusion site extravasation Edema Chills Chest discomfort ​​​​​​​Facial pain Hepatobiliary disorders Hepatic function abnormal Infections and Infestations Candidiasis Vaginal infection Fungal infection Gastroenteritis Investigations Aspartate aminotransferase increased Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased Blood alkaline phosphatase increased Electrocardiogram QT prolonged Blood lactate dehydrogenase increased Blood amylase increased Lipase increased Blood creatinine increased Blood urea increased Hematocrit decreased Prothrombin time prolonged Eosinophil count increased Activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged Blood triglycerides increased Blood uric acid increased Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders Hyperglycemia Anorexia Hyperlipidemia Decreased appetite Dehydration Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders Back pain Pain in extremity Arthralgia Muscle spasms Musculoskeletal pain Nervous System Disorders Dysgeusia Somnolence Tremor Lethargy Paresthesia Hypoesthesia Syncope Psychiatric Disorders Anxiety Confusional state Agitation Depression Nervousness Restlessness Hallucination Disorientation Renal and Urinary Disorders Renal failure Dysuria Reproductive System and Breast Disorders Vulvovaginal pruritus Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders Dyspnea Asthma Wheezing Bronchospasm Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders Rash Pruritus Hyperhidrosis Erythema Urticaria Dermatitis allergic Night sweats Vascular Disorders Hypertension Hypotension Phlebitis ​​​​​​​ Laboratory Changes Changes in laboratory parameters, which are not listed above and which occurred in 2% or more of patients and at an incidence greater than in controls included: increases in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), neutrophils, white blood cells (WBCs), prothrombin time (PT) ratio, ionized calcium, chloride, albumin, globulin, bilirubin; decreases in hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBCs), neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, glucose, oxygen partial pressure (pO 2 ), bilirubin, and amylase. It cannot be determined if any of the above laboratory abnormalities were caused by the drug or the underlying condition being treated.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience Table 4 below lists adverse reactions that have been identified during post-approval use of moxifloxacin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. […]

Interacting Drug Interaction Multivalent cation- containing products including: antacids, sucralfate, multivitamins Decreased moxifloxacin absorption. Take moxifloxacin tablet at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after these products. ( 2.2 , 7.1 , 12.3 ) Warfarin Anticoagulant effect enhanced. Monitor prothrombin time/INR, and bleeding. ( 6 , 7.2 , 12.3 ) Class IA and Class III antiarrhythmics: Proarrhythmic effect may be enhanced. Avoid concomitant use. ( 5.6 , 7.5 ) Antidiabetic agents Carefully monitor blood glucose. ( 5.12 , 7.3 )

7.1 Antacids, Sucralfate, Multivitamins and Other Products Containing Multivalent Cations Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, form chelates with alkaline earth and transition metal cations. Oral administration of moxifloxacin with antacids containing aluminum or magnesium, with sucralfate, with metal cations such as iron, or with multivitamins containing iron or zinc, or with formulations containing divalent and trivalent cations such as didanosine buffered tablets for oral suspension or the pediatric powder for oral solution, may substantially interfere with the absorption of moxifloxacin, resulting in systemic concentrations considerably lower than desired. Therefore, moxifloxacin should be taken at least 4 hours before or 8 hours after these agents [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ].

7.2 Warfarin Fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been reported to enhance the anticoagulant effects of warfarin or its derivatives in the patient population. In addition, infectious disease and its accompanying inflammatory process, age, and general status of the patient are risk factors for increased anticoagulant activity. Therefore the prothrombin time, International Normalized Ratio (INR), or other suitable anticoagulation tests should be closely monitored if moxifloxacin is administered concomitantly with warfarin or its derivatives [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ].

7.3 Antidiabetic Agents Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin, and an antidiabetic agent. Therefore, careful monitoring of blood glucose is recommended when these agents are co-administered. If a hypoglycemic reaction occurs, moxifloxacin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be initiated immediately [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 2 ) and Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 ) ].

7.4 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs ​​​​​​​ The concomitant administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a fluoroquinolone, including moxifloxacin, may increase the risks of CNS stimulation and convulsions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 ) ].

7.5 Drugs that Prolong QT There is limited information available on the potential for a pharmacodynamic interaction in humans between moxifloxacin and other drugs that prolong the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram. Sotalol, a Class III antiarrhythmic, has been shown to further increase the QTc interval when combined with high doses of intravenous moxifloxacin in dogs. Therefore, moxifloxacin should be avoided with Class IA and Class III antiarrhythmics [see Warnings and Precautions, ( 5.6 ) and Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.2 ) ].

Pregnancy: Based on animal data may cause fetal harm. (8.1) Geriatrics: Increased risk for severe tendon disorders further increased by concomitant corticosteroid therapy and increased risk of prolongation of the QT interval. ( 5.1 , 5.6 , 8.5 )

8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary ​​​​​​​There are no available human data establishing a drug associated risk with the use of moxifloxacin. Based on animal studies with moxifloxacin, moxifloxacin may cause fetal harm. Moxifloxacin did not cause fetal malformations when administered to pregnant rats (IV and oral), rabbits (IV), and monkeys (oral) at exposures that were 0.24–2.5 times of those at the human clinical dose (400 mg/day moxifloxacin). However, when moxifloxacin was administered to rats and rabbits during pregnancy and throughout lactation (rats only) at doses associated with maternal toxicity, decreased neonatal body weights, increased incidence of skeletal variations (rib and vertebra combined), and increased fetal loss were observed ( see Data ). Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to the fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Data Animal Data Animal reproductive and development studies were done in rats, rabbits and cynomolgus macaques. Moxifloxacin did not cause fetal malformations when administered to pregnant rats during organogenesis (gestation days 6 to 17) at oral doses as high as 500 mg/kg/day or 0.24 times the maximum recommended human dose based on systemic exposure (AUC), but decreased fetal body weights and slightly delayed fetal skeletal development were observed. Intravenous administration of 80 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area) to pregnant rats resulted in maternal toxicity and a marginal effect on fetal and placental weights and the appearance of the placenta (Gestation days 6 to 17). Fetal malformations were not observed at intravenous doses as high as 80 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area) in litters of pregnant rats that received moxifloxacin during organogenesis (Gestation days 6 to 17). Intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg/day (approximately equal to the maximum recommended human oral dose based upon systemic exposure) to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis (gestation days 6 to 20) resulted in decreased fetal body weights and delayed fetal skeletal ossification. When rib and vertebral malformations were combined, there was an increased fetal and litter incidence of these effects in rabbits. Signs of maternal toxicity in rabbits at this dose included mortality, abortions, marked reduction of food consumption, decreased water intake, body weight loss and hypoactivity. Fetal malformations were not observed when pregnant cynomolgus macaques were given oral doses as high as 100 mg/kg/day (2.5 times the maximum recommended human dose based upon systemic exposure) during organogenesis (gestation days 20 to 50). An increased incidence of smaller fetuses was observed at 100 mg/kg/day in macaques. In a pre-and postnatal development study conducted in rats given oral doses from Gestation day 6, throughout gestation and rearing to Postpartum day 21, effects observed at 500 mg/kg/day (0.24 times the maximum recommended human dose based on systemic exposure (AUC)) included slight increases in duration of pregnancy and prenatal loss, reduced pup birth weight and decreased neonatal survival. Treatment-related maternal mortality occurred during gestation at 500 mg/kg/day in this study.

8.2 Lactation Risk Summary It is not known if moxifloxacin is present in human milk. Based on animal studies in rats, moxifloxacin may be excreted in human milk (see Data ). When a drug is present in animal milk, it is likely that the drug will be present in human milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for moxifloxacin and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from moxifloxacin or from the underlying maternal condition. Data In lactating rats given a single oral dose of 4.59 mg/kg moxifloxacin (approximately 9 times less than the recommended human dose based on body surface area) 8 days postpartum, there was very low excretion of substance-related radioactivity into the milk, amounting to approximately 0.03% of the dose.

8.4 Pediatric Use Effectiveness in pediatric patients and adolescents less than 18 years of age has not been established. Moxifloxacin causes arthropathy in juvenile animals. Limited information on the safety of moxifloxacin in 301 pediatric patients is available from the cIAI trial [ see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions ( 5.11 ) and Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.2 ) ]. Active Controlled Trial in Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infection (cIAI) The safety and efficacy of moxifloxacin in pediatric patients for the treatment of cIAI has not been demonstrated. Pediatric patients 3 months to <18 years of age (mean age of 12 ± 4 years) were enrolled in a single randomized, double-blind, active controlled trial in cIAI including appendicitis with perforation, abscesses and peritonitis. Pediatric patients were randomized (2:1) to receive either moxifloxacin or comparator. This study enrolled 451 patients who received study medication, 301 treated with moxifloxacin, and 150 with comparator. Of the 301 pediatric patients treated with moxifloxacin, 15 were below the age of 6 years and 286 were between the ages of 6–<18 years. Patients received sequential intravenous/oral moxifloxacin or comparator (intravenous ertapenem followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanate) for 5 to 14 days (mean duration was 9 days with a range of 1 to 24 days). The overall adverse reaction profile in pediatric patients was comparable to that of adult patients. The most frequently occurring adverse reactions in pediatric patients treated with moxifloxacin were QT prolongation 9.3% (28/301), vomiting, 6.6% (20/301) diarrhea 3.7% (11/301), arthralgia 3.0% (9/301), and phlebitis 2.7% (8/301) (see Table 5). Discontinuation of study drug due to an adverse reaction was reported in 5.3% (16/301) of moxifloxacin-treated patients versus 1.3% (2/150) of comparator-treated patients. The adverse reaction profile of moxifloxacin or comparator was similar across all age groups studied. Musculoskeletal adverse reactions were monitored and followed up to 5 years after the end of study treatment. The rates of musculoskeletal adverse reactions were 4.3% (13/301) in the moxifloxacin-treated group versus 3.3% (5/150) in the comparator-treated group. The majority of musculoskeletal adverse reactions were reported between 12 and 53 weeks after start of study treatment with complete resolution at the end of the study [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.11) and Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2) ]. Table 5: Incidence (%) of Selected Adverse Reactions in ≥2.0% of Pediatric Patients Treated with Moxifloxacin in cIAI Clinical Trial System Organ Class Adverse Reactions Moxifloxacin N = 301 (%) Comparator N = 150 (%) Gastrointestinal disorders Abdominal pain 8 (2.7) 3 (2.0) Diarrhea 11 (3.7) 1 (0.7) Vomiting 20 (6.6) 12 (8.0) General disorders and administration site conditions Pyrexia 6 (2.0) 4 (2.7) Investigations Aspartate aminotransferase increased 2 (0.7) 3 (2.0) Electrocardiogram QT prolonged 28 (9.3) 4 (2.7) Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Arthralgia 9 (3.0) 2 (1.3) Nervous system disorders Headache 6 (2.0) 2 (1.3) Vascular disorders Phlebitis 8 (2.7) 0 (0) Clinical response was assessed at the test-of-cure visit (28 to 42 days after end of treatment). […]