Cocaine Hydrochloride

GOPRELTO (cocaine hydrochloride) nasal solution is indicated for the induction of local anesthesia of the mucous membranes when performing diagnostic procedures and surgeries on or through the nasal cavities in adults. GOPRELTO (cocaine hydrochloride) nasal solution is an ester local anesthetic indicated for the induction of local anesthesia of the mucous membranes when performing diagnostic procedures and surgeries on or through the nasal cavities in adults. ( 1 )

GOPRELTO (cocaine hydrochloride) nasal solution is provided as a 4% solution, 160 mg/4 mL (40 mg/mL), equivalent to 142.4 mg/4 mL (35.6 mg/mL) cocaine, and is a clear, greencolored solution in a single-unit bottle. Nasal solution: 160 mg/4 mL (40 mg/mL or 4%) cocaine hydrochloride, equivalent to 142.4 mg/4 mL (35.6 mg/mL) cocaine, in a single-unit bottle. ( 3 )

GOPRELTO is contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to cocaine hydrochloride, other ester-based anesthetics, or any other component of the product. Known hypersensitivity to cocaine hydrochloride, other ester-based anesthetics, or any other component of GOPRELTO. ( 4 )

• Seizures : GOPRELTO may lower the convulsive threshold. Monitor patients for development of seizures. ( 5.2 )
• Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Increases : Monitor vital signs, including heart rate and rhythm, in patients after receiving GOPRELTO. Avoid use of GOPRELTO in patients with a recent or active history of uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, or congestive heart failure. ( 5.3 )

5.1 Potential for Abuse and Dependence Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, including cocaine hydrochloride, have a high potential for abuse and dependence [ see Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.2 , 9.3 )].

5.2 Seizures It has been reported in the literature that cocaine hydrochloride may lower the convulsive threshold. The risk may be higher in patients with a history of seizures or in patients with prior electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities without seizures, but has been reported in patients with no prior history or EEG evidence of seizures. Monitor patients for development of seizures.

5.3 Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Increases As reported in the literature, cocaine hydrochloride causes an increase in observed blood pressure and heart rate. In the Phase 3 clinical study with GOPRELTO, increases in blood pressure and heart rate were observed for 60 minutes or longer following pledget removal. Monitor for vital sign changes, including heart rate and rhythm, after administration of GOPRELTO. Avoid use of GOPRELTO in patients with a recent or active history of uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, or congestive heart failure. Avoid use of additional vasoconstrictor agents such as epinephrine or phenylephrine with GOPRELTO. If concomitant use is unavoidable, prolonged vital sign and ECG monitoring may be required [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )].

5.4 Toxicology Screening The cocaine hydrochloride in GOPRELTO may be detected in plasma for up to one week after administration. Cocaine hydrochloride and its metabolites may be detected in urine toxicology screening for longer than one week after administration.

The most common adverse reactions (>0.5%) occurring in patients treated with GOPRELTO (cocaine hydrochloride) nasal solution 4% were headache and epistaxis. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact LXO US., INC. at 1-844-800-8007 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Trial Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. GOPRELTO has been evaluated in four Phase 1 studies and one Phase 3 study, which included 647 adult subjects who received a single topical intranasal 160 mg dose (four pledgets), of GOPRELTO. The randomized, double-blind, controlled Phase 3 study was conducted in adult patients undergoing diagnostic procedures and surgeries on or through the mucous membranes of the nasal cavities, of which 278 received GOPRELTO (4% solution), 275 received cocaine hydrochloride solution 8%, and 95 received placebo. Safety was evaluated for up to 7 days after dosing. The most commonly reported adverse reactions (>1 patient) to occur in the Phase 3 study with GOPRELTO (4% solution) were headache and epistaxis. Two adverse reactions of headache were severe (Table 1). No premature discontinuations due to an adverse event, serious adverse events, or deaths were reported in the Phase 3 clinical study. Table 1: Common Adverse Reactions with GOPRELTO in >1 Patient System Organ Class / Preferred Term GOPRELTO 4% (N=278) Cocaine Hydrochloride Solution 8% (N=275) Placebo (N=95) Nervous System Disorders Headache 7 (3%) 4 (2%) 1 (1%) Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders Epistaxis 3 (1%) 2 (1%) 0 Psychiatric Disorders Anxiety 0 2 (1%) 0

• Disulfiram : Increases plasma cocaine exposure. Avoid using GOPRELTO in patients taking disulfiram. ( 7 )
• Epinephrine, Phenylephrine : There have been reports of myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, and ventricular arrhythmias with concomitant use during nasal surgery. Avoid use of additional vasoconstrictor agents with GOPRELTO. If concomitant use is unavoidable, prolonged vital sign and ECG monitoring may be required. ( 5.3 , 7 )

7.1 Disulfiram Published literature reported that disulfiram treatment increased plasma cocaine exposure, including both AUC and C max , by several fold after acute intranasal cocaine administration. Other literature reported that co-administration of disulfiram increased AUC of plasma cocaine by several fold after intravenous cocaine administration [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. Avoid using GOPRELTO in patients taking disulfiram. Consider using other local anesthetic agents.

7.2 Epinephrine, Phenylephrine There are reports in the published literature of myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, and ventricular arrhythmias after concomitant administration of topical intranasal cocaine with epinephrine and phenylephrine during nasal and sinus surgery. Avoid use of additional vasoconstrictor agents such as epinephrine and phenylephrine with GOPRELTO during nasal and sinus surgery. If concomitant use is unavoidable, prolonged vital sign and ECG monitoring may be required [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ) ].

7.3 Inhibitors of plasma cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) Cocaine has been described in literature to be primarily metabolized and inactivated by nonenzymatic ester hydrolysis and hepatic carboxylesterase, and also by plasma cholinesterase, hepatic carboxylesterase, and CYP3A4 [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. The pharmacokinetics of GOPRELTO in patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase activity has not been studied. Plasma cholinesterase activity may be decreased by chronic administration of certain monoamine oxidase inhibitors, oral contraceptives, or glucocorticoids. It may also be diminished by administration of irreversible plasma cholinesterase inhibitors such as echothiophate, organophosphate insecticides, and certain antineoplastic agents. Patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) activity may have reduced clearance and increased exposure of plasma cocaine after administration of GOPRELTO. Since cocaine is metabolized by multiple enzymes, the effect of reduced plasma cholinesterase activity on cocaine exposure may be limited. No dosage adjustment of GOPRELTO is needed in patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase. Monitor patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase activity for adverse reactions such as headache, epistaxis, and clinically-relevant increases in heart rate or blood pressure.

• Pregnancy : May cause fetal harm. ( 8.1 )
• Lactation : Avoid breastfeeding for 48 hours after treatment. ( 8.2 )
• Hepatic Impairment : Monitor for adverse reactions such as headache, epistaxis, and clinically- relevant increases in heart rate or blood pressure. Do not administer a second dose within 24 hours of the first dose. ( 8.7 )

8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary In animal studies conducted in accordance with good laboratory practices, malformations including vertebral and rib abnormalities were reported when pregnant rabbits were treated with 16 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride during organogenesis (8 times the adult human exposure following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine) and increased pup mortality was noted when pregnant rats were exposed to cocaine hydrochloride during pregnancy at 47 times the adult human AUC exposures. Published rodent studies testing high exposures to cocaine during organogenesis report various malformations at 17 to 34 times the adult human AUC exposures following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine. Data Human Data There are no available data on the use of intranasal cocaine hydrochloride solution in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk adverse developmental outcomes. There are published data describing adverse developmental outcomes in women with chronic cocaine abuse during pregnancy. The published case-control and observational studies examining the effect of in utero cocaine exposure on fetal growth parameters, after controlling for confounding variables, found exposure was associated with reduced fetal growth compared with non-drugabuse populations. Published data from a large number of studies of women with chronic cocaine abuse during pregnancy are inconsistent in their findings with regard to other developmental outcomes. Prospective studies controlling for polydrug use (marijuana, alcohol, tobacco) and lifestyle factors, have not demonstrated any association between cocaine abuse and specific major or minor fetal anomalies or other forms of fetal harm (premature birth, stillbirth, miscarriage, low birth weight, reduced head circumference, or placental abruption). The applicability of the findings from these studies of chronic abuse in pregnancy to a single topical exposure is limited. Animal Data No clear evidence of fetal malformations was noted in a study where pregnant rats were treated subcutaneously with up to 30 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride (48 times the human adult exposure based on AUC following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine) from Gestation Day 7 through 17 in the absence of overt maternal rat toxicity. However, a single high-dose fetus was reported with both meningoencephalocele and anophthalmia (unilateral). Malformations, including vertebral and rib anomalies, were observed when pregnant rabbits were treated subcutaneously with 16 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride (8 times the human adult exposure based on AUC exposures following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine) from Gestation Day 7 through 20. This dose level was associated with evidence of maternal toxicity (convulsions, decreased body weight gain). No adverse effects were noted in animals treated with 8 mg/kg (1.5 times the adult human AUC following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine). An increased incidence of pup mortality between Postnatal Day (PND) 0 to PND 4 and decreased pup body weights from PND 1 to PND 21 were noted when pregnant rats were treated from GD 6 through Lactation Day 20 with 20 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride (47 times the adult human AUC following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine) in the absence of overt maternal toxicity. There was no adverse effect on pre- or postnatal development at 6 mg/kg (7 times the human adult AUC exposure following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg cocaine). Published studies in pregnant mice suggest that high exposure to cocaine (approximately 17-32 times the adult human AUC following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine) produced adverse fetal effects including: exencephaly, cerebral hemorrhage,hydrocephalus, immaturely developed cerebral ventricles, limb anomalies, incomplete bone ossification, hydronephrosis, cryptorchidism, dilated or cystic ureters, and cleft lip/palate. In a published nonhuman primate study, no adverse effects on physical development or cognitive function were noted after 1 mg/kg cocaine was administered via intramuscular injection three times a day (TID) (approximately 5 times the adult human AUC following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine). However, higher exposures to cocaine decreased body weights, overall body length and crown circumference of offspring from pregnant Rhesus monkeys treated with escalating doses up to 7.5 mg/kg cocaine TID intramuscularity per day for 5 days per week from prior to conception to term (39 times the adult human AUC following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine).

8.2 Lactation Risk Summary Based on limited case reports in published literature, cocaine is present in human milk at widely varying concentrations. Based on its pharmacochemical characteristics, high concentrations of cocaine are expected in breast milk with systemic exposure. The applicability of these findings to a single topical exposure with limited systemic absorption is unclear. No studies have evaluated cocaine concentrations in milk after topical administration of GOPRELTO. Cocaine is detected in human breastmilk in chronic abuse situations and is expected to be at higher concentrations in milk than in maternal blood based on its physicochemical characteristics. Breastfeeding immediately after administration of GOPRELTO could result in infant plasma concentrations that are approximately half the anticipated maximum maternal plasma concentrations at the clinical dose of 160 mg. The effects of this cocaine plasma concentration in an infant are unknown, but no level of cocaine exposure is considered safe for a breastfed infant. Adverse reactions have occurred in infants ingesting cocaine through breastmilk, including vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, hypertension, tachycardia, agitation and irritability. The longterm effects on infants exposed to cocaine through breast milk are unknown. There are no data on the effects of GOPRELTO on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed infants, advise nursing women that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with GOPRELTO and to pump and discard breastmilk for 48 hours after use of GOPRELTO.

8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of GOPRELTO in pediatric patients (17 years of age and younger) has not been evaluated. Animal Data Adverse CNS-related clinical signs within the first several days of dosing and decreased body weights were observed when juvenile rat pups were dosed subcutaneously with 25 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride (15 and 32 times the adult human AUC exposure following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine for males and females, respectively) from PND 7 to PND 28. No adverse effects were noted in pups dosed with 12.5 mg/kg (7 times the adult human AUC exposure following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine). A single mortality (male) and transient CNS signs were observed in male and female juvenile rat pups that were dosed subcutaneously up to 25 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride (113 times the adult human AUC exposure) from PND 28 to PND 56. No adverse effects were noted in male pups dosed with 12.5 mg/kg or female pups dosed with 25 mg/kg (84 and 117 times the adult human AUC exposure following administration of pledgets containing 160 mg of cocaine respectively).

8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of subjects in the Phase 3 study, 12.1% of those who received GOPRELTO were 65 and over. […]