Everolimus

AFINITOR is a kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of: Postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer in combination with exemestane after failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole. ( 1.1 ) Adults with progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin (PNET) and adults with progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of gastrointestinal (GI) or lung origin that are unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic. Limitations of Use: AFINITOR is not indicated for the treatment of patients with functional carcinoid tumors. ( 1.2 ) Adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib. ( 1.3 ) Adults with renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), not requiring immediate surgery. ( 1.4 ) AFINITOR and AFINITOR DISPERZ are kinase inhibitors indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients aged 1 year and older with TSC who have subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) that requires therapeutic intervention but cannot be curatively resected. ( 1.5 ) AFINITOR DISPERZ is a kinase inhibitor indicated for the adjunctive treatment of adult and pediatric patients aged 2 years and older with TSC-associated partial-onset seizures. ( 1.6 )

1.1 Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Breast Cancer AFINITOR ® is indicated for the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer in combination with exemestane, after failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole.

1.2 Neuroendocrine Tumors (NET) AFINITOR is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin (PNET) with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic disease. AFINITOR is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional NET of gastrointestinal (GI) or lung origin with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic disease. Limitations of Use: AFINITOR is not indicated for the treatment of patients with functional carcinoid tumors [see Clinical Studies (14.2)] .

1.3 Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) AFINITOR is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with advanced RCC after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib.

1.4 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)-Associated Renal Angiomyolipoma AFINITOR is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with renal angiomyolipoma and TSC, not requiring immediate surgery.

1.5 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)-Associated Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA) AFINITOR and AFINITOR DISPERZ ® are indicated in adult and pediatric patients aged 1 year and older with TSC for the treatment of SEGA that requires therapeutic intervention but cannot be curatively resected.

1.6 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)-Associated Partial-Onset Seizures AFINITOR DISPERZ is indicated for the adjunctive treatment of adult and pediatric patients aged 2 years and older with TSC-associated partial-onset seizures.

AFINITOR Tablets, white to slightly yellow and elongated with a bevelled edge: 2.5 mg: engraved with “LCL” on one side and “NVR” on the other. 5 mg: engraved with “5” on one side and “NVR” on the other. 7.5 mg: engraved with “7P5” on one side and “NVR” on the other. 10 mg: engraved with “UHE” on one side and “NVR” on the other. AFINITOR DISPERZ Tablets for oral suspension, white to slightly yellowish, round, and flat with a bevelled edge: 2 mg: engraved with “D2” on one side and “NVR” on the other. 3 mg: engraved with “D3” on one side and “NVR” on the other. 5 mg: engraved with “D5” on one side and “NVR” on the other. AFINITOR: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, and 10 mg tablets ( 3 ) AFINITOR DISPERZ: 2 mg, 3 mg, and 5 mg tablets ( 3 )

AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ is contraindicated in patients with clinically significant hypersensitivity to everolimus or to other rapamycin derivatives [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] . Clinically significant hypersensitivity to everolimus or to other rapamycin derivatives. ( 4 )

Non-Infectious Pneumonitis : Monitor for clinical symptoms or radiological changes. Withhold or permanently discontinue based on severity. ( 2.9 , 5.1 ) Infections : Monitor for signs and symptoms of infection. Withhold or permanently discontinue based on severity. ( 2.9 , 5.2 ) Severe Hypersensitivity Reactions : Permanently discontinue for clinically significant hypersensitivity. ( 5.3 ) Angioedema : Patients taking concomitant angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may be at increased risk for angioedema. Permanently discontinue for angioedema. ( 5.4 , 7.2 ) Stomatitis : Initiate dexamethasone alcohol-free mouthwash when starting treatment. ( 5.5 , 6.1 ) Renal Failure : Monitor renal function prior to treatment and periodically thereafter. ( 5.6 ) Risk of Impaired Wound Healing : Withhold for at least 1 week prior to elective surgery. Do not administer for at least 2 weeks following major surgery and until adequate wound healing. The safety of resumption of treatment after resolution of wound healing complications has not been established. ( 5.7 ) Geriatric Patients : Monitor and adjust dose for adverse reactions. ( 5.8 ) Metabolic Disorders : Monitor serum glucose and lipids prior to treatment and periodically thereafter. Withhold or permanently discontinue based on severity. ( 2.9 , 5.9 ) Myelosuppression : Monitor hematologic parameters prior to treatment and periodically thereafter. Withhold or permanently discontinue based on severity. ( 2.9 , 5.10 ) Risk of Infection or Reduced Immune Response with Vaccination : Avoid live vaccines and close contact with those who have received live vaccines. Complete recommended childhood vaccinations prior to starting treatment. ( 5.11 ) Radiation Sensitization and Radiation Recall : Severe radiation reactions may occur. ( 5.12 , 6.2 ) Embryo-Fetal Toxicity : Can cause fetal harm. Advise patients of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus and to use effective contraception. ( 5.13 , 8.1 , 8.3 )

5.1 Non-infectious Pneumonitis Non-infectious pneumonitis is a class effect of rapamycin derivatives. Non-infectious pneumonitis was reported in up to 19% of patients treated with AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ in clinical trials, some cases were reported with pulmonary hypertension (including pulmonary arterial hypertension) as a secondary event. The incidence of Grade 3 and 4 non-infectious pneumonitis was up to 4% and up to 0.2%, respectively [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] . Fatal outcomes have been observed. Consider a diagnosis of non-infectious pneumonitis in patients presenting with non-specific respiratory signs and symptoms. Consider opportunistic infections, such as pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in the differential diagnosis. Advise patients to report promptly any new or worsening respiratory symptoms. Continue AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ without dose alteration in patients who develop radiological changes suggestive of non-infectious pneumonitis and have few or no symptoms. Imaging appears to overestimate the incidence of clinical pneumonitis. For Grade 2 to 4 non-infectious pneumonitis, withhold or permanently discontinue AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ based on severity [see Dosage and Administration (2.9)] . Corticosteroids may be indicated until clinical symptoms resolve. Administer prophylaxis for PJP when concomitant use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents are required. The development of pneumonitis has been reported even at a reduced dose.

5.2 Infections AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ has immunosuppressive properties and may predispose patients to bacterial, fungal, viral, or protozoal infections, including infections with opportunistic pathogens [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] . Localized and systemic infections, including pneumonia, mycobacterial infections, other bacterial infections, invasive fungal infections (e.g., aspergillosis, candidiasis, or PJP), and viral infections (e.g., reactivation of hepatitis B virus) have occurred. Some of these infections have been severe (e.g., sepsis, septic shock, or resulting in multisystem organ failure) or fatal. The incidence of Grade 3 and 4 infections was up to 10% and up to 3%, respectively. The incidence of serious infections was reported at a higher frequency in patients < 6 years of age [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] . Complete treatment of preexisting invasive fungal infections prior to starting treatment. Monitor for signs and symptoms of infection. Withhold or permanently discontinue AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ based on severity of infection [see Dosage and Administration (2.9)] . Administer prophylaxis for PJP when concomitant use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents are required.

5.3 Severe Hypersensitivity Reactions Hypersensitivity reactions to AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ have been observed and include anaphylaxis, dyspnea, flushing, chest pain, and angioedema (e.g., swelling of the airways or tongue, with or without respiratory impairment) [see Contraindications (4)] . The incidence of Grade 3 hypersensitivity reactions was up to 1%. Permanently discontinue AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ for the development of clinically significant hypersensitivity.

5.4 Angioedema With Concomitant Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Patients taking concomitant ACE inhibitors with AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ may be at increased risk for angioedema (e.g., swelling of the airways or tongue, with or without respiratory impairment). In a pooled analysis of randomized double-blind oncology clinical trials, the incidence of angioedema in patients taking AFINITOR with an ACE inhibitor was 6.8% compared to 1.3% in the control arm with an ACE inhibitor. Permanently discontinue AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ for angioedema.

5.5 Stomatitis Stomatitis, including mouth ulcers and oral mucositis, has occurred in patients treated with AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ at an incidence ranging from 44% to 78% across clinical trials. Grades 3-4 stomatitis was reported in 4% to 9% of patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] . Stomatitis most often occurs within the first 8 weeks of treatment. When starting AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ, initiating dexamethasone alcohol-free oral solution as a swish and spit mouthwash reduces the incidence and severity of stomatitis [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] . If stomatitis does occur, mouthwashes and/or other topical treatments are recommended. Avoid alcohol-, hydrogen peroxide-, iodine-, or thyme- containing products, as they may exacerbate the condition. Do not administer antifungal agents, unless fungal infection has been diagnosed.

5.6 Renal Failure Cases of renal failure (including acute renal failure), some with a fatal outcome, have occurred in patients taking AFINITOR. Elevations of serum creatinine and proteinuria have been reported in patients taking AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] . The incidence of Grade 3 and 4 elevations of serum creatinine was up to 2% and up to 1%, respectively. The incidence of Grade 3 and 4 proteinuria was up to 1% and up to 0.5%, respectively. Monitor renal function prior to starting AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ and annually thereafter. Monitor renal function at least every 6 months in patients who have additional risk factors for renal failure.

5.7 Risk of Impaired Wound Healing Impaired wound healing can occur in patients who receive drugs that inhibit the VEGF signaling pathway. Therefore, AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ have the potential to adversely affect wound healing. Withhold AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ for at least 1 week prior to elective surgery. Do not administer for at least 2 weeks following major surgery and until adequate wound healing. The safety of resumption of treatment upon resolution of wound healing complications has not been established. […]

The following serious adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Non-Infectious Pneumonitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] Infections [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] Severe Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] Angioedema with Concomitant Use of ACE inhibitors [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] Stomatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] Renal Failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] Impaired Wound Healing [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)] Metabolic Disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)] Myelosuppression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)] Radiation Sensitization and Radiation Recall [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)] Breast cancer, NET, RCC : Most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 30%) include stomatitis, infections, rash, fatigue, diarrhea, edema, abdominal pain, nausea, fever, asthenia, cough, headache, and decreased appetite. ( 6.1 ) TSC-Associated Renal Angiomyolipoma : Most common adverse reaction (incidence ≥ 30%) is stomatitis. ( 6.1 ) TSC-Associated SEGA : Most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 30%) are stomatitis and respiratory tract infection. ( 6.1 ) TSC-Associated Partial-Onset Seizures : Most common adverse reaction (incidence ≥ 30%) is stomatitis. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation at 1-888-669-6682 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch .

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the adverse reaction rates observed cannot be directly compared to rates in other trials and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Breast Cancer The safety of AFINITOR (10 mg orally once daily) in combination with exemestane (25 mg orally once daily) (n = 485) vs. placebo in combination with exemestane (n = 239) was evaluated in a randomized, controlled trial (BOLERO-2) in patients with advanced or metastatic hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. The median age of patients was 61 years (28 to 93 years), and 75% were white. The median follow-up was approximately 13 months. The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 30%) were stomatitis, infections, rash, fatigue, diarrhea, and decreased appetite. The most common Grade 3-4 adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 2%) were stomatitis, infections, hyperglycemia, fatigue, dyspnea, pneumonitis, and diarrhea. The most common laboratory abnormalities (incidence ≥ 50%) were hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, increased aspartate transaminase (AST), anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, increased alanine transaminase (ALT), and hypertriglyceridemia. The most common Grade 3-4 laboratory abnormalities (incidence ≥ 3%) were lymphopenia, hyperglycemia, anemia, hypokalemia, increased AST, increased ALT, and thrombocytopenia. Fatal adverse reactions occurred in 2% of patients who received AFINITOR. The rate of adverse reactions resulting in permanent discontinuation was 24% for the AFINITOR arm. Dose adjustments (interruptions or reductions) occurred in 63% of patients in the AFINITOR arm. Adverse reactions reported with an incidence of ≥ 10% for patients receiving AFINITOR vs. placebo are presented in Table 7. Laboratory abnormalities are presented in Table 8. The median duration of treatment with AFINITOR was 23.9 weeks; 33% were exposed to AFINITOR for a period of ≥ 32 weeks. Table 7: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥ 10% of Patients With Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer in BOLERO-2 Grading according to NCI CTCAE Version 3.0. a Includes stomatitis, mouth ulceration, aphthous stomatitis, glossodynia, gingival pain, glossitis, and lip ulceration. b Includes all reported infections, including but not limited to, urinary tract infections, respiratory tract (upper and lower) infections, skin infections, and gastrointestinal tract infections. c Includes pneumonitis, interstitial lung disease, lung infiltration, and pulmonary fibrosis. d No Grade 4 adverse reactions were reported. AFINITOR with Exemestane N = 482 Placebo with Exemestane N = 238 All Grades Grade 3-4 All Grades Grade 3-4 % % % % Gastrointestinal Stomatitis a 67 8 d 11

0.8 Diarrhea 33 2 18

0.8 Nausea 29 0.4 28 1 Vomiting 17 1 12

0.8 Constipation 14 0.4 d 13

0.4 Dry mouth 11 0 7 0 General Fatigue 36 4 27 1 d Edema peripheral 19 1 d 6 0.4 d Pyrexia 15 0.2 d 7 0.4 d Asthenia 13 2 4 0 Infections Infections b 50 6 25 2 d Investigations Weight loss 25 1 d 6 0 Metabolism and nutrition Decreased appetite 30 1 d 12 0.4 d Hyperglycemia 14 5 2 0.4 d Musculoskeletal and connective tissue Arthralgia 20 0.8 d 17 0 Back pain 14 0.2 d 10 0.8 d Pain in extremity 9 0.4 d 11 2 d Nervous system Dysgeusia 22 0.2 d 6 0 Headache 21 0.4 d 14 0 Psychiatric Insomnia 13 0.2 d 8 0 Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal Cough 24 0.6 d 12 0 Dyspnea 21 4 11 1 Epistaxis 17 0 1 0 Pneumonitis c 19 4 0.4 0 Skin and subcutaneous tissue Rash 39 1 d 6 0 Pruritus 13 0.2 d 5 0 Alopecia 10 0 5 0 Vascular Hot flush 6 0 14 0 Table 8: Selected Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in ≥ 10% of Patients With Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer in BOLERO-2 Grading according to NCI CTCAE Version 3.0. a Reflects corresponding adverse drug reaction reports of anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia (collectively as pancytopenia), which occurred at lower frequency. b No Grade 4 laboratory abnormalities were reported. Laboratory Parameter AFINITOR with Exemestane N = 482 Placebo with Exemestane N = 238 All Grades Grade 3-4 All Grades Grade 3-4 % % % % Hematology a Anemia 68 6 40 1 Leukopenia 58 2 b 28 6 Thrombocytopenia 54 3 5

0.4 Lymphopenia 54 12 37 6 Neutropenia 31 2 b 11 2 Chemistry Hypercholesterolemia 70 1 38 2 Hyperglycemia 69 9 44 1 Increased AST 69 4 45 3 Increased ALT 51 4 29 5 b Hypertriglyceridemia 50 0.8 b 26 0 Hypoalbuminemia 33 0.8 b 16 0.8 b Hypokalemia 29 4 7 1 b Increased creatinine 24 2 13 0 Topical Prophylaxis for Stomatitis In a single arm study (SWISH; N = 92) in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer beginning AFINITOR (10 mg orally once daily) in combination with exemestane (25 mg orally once daily), patients started dexamethasone 0.5 mg/5 mL alcohol-free mouthwash (10 mL swished for 2 minutes and spat, 4 times daily for 8 weeks) concurrently with AFINITOR and exemestane. No food or drink was to be consumed for at least 1 hour after swishing and spitting the dexamethasone mouthwash. The primary objective of this study was to assess the incidence of Grade 2 to 4 stomatitis within 8 weeks. The incidence of Grade 2 to 4 stomatitis within 8 weeks was 2%, which was lower than the 33% reported in the BOLERO-2 trial. The incidence of Grade 1 stomatitis was 19%. No cases of Grade 3 or 4 stomatitis were reported. Oral candidiasis was reported in 2% of patients in this study compared to 0.2% in the BOLERO-2 trial. Coadministration of AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ and dexamethasone alcohol-free oral solution has not been studied in pediatric patients. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PNET) In a randomized, controlled trial (RADIANT-3) of AFINITOR (n = 204) vs. placebo (n = 203) in patients with advanced PNET the median age of patients was 58 years (20 to 87 years), 79% were white, and 55% were male. Patients on the placebo arm could cross over to open-label AFINITOR upon disease progression. The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 30%) were stomatitis, rash, diarrhea, fatigue, edema, abdominal pain, nausea, fever, and headache. The most common Grade 3-4 adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 5%) were stomatitis and diarrhea. The most common laboratory abnormalities (incidence ≥ 50%) were anemia, hyperglycemia, increased alkaline phosphatase, hypercholesterolemia, decreased bicarbonate, and increased AST. […]

Strong CYP3A inhibitor and P-gp inhibitor : Avoid coadministration. ( 2.11 , 7.1 ) Moderate CYP3A inhibitor and P-gp inhibitor : Reduce the dosage as recommended. ( 2.11 , 7.1 ) Cannabidiol oral solution : Reduce the dosage as recommended. ( 2.11 , 7.1 ) Strong CYP3A inducer and P-gp inducer : Increase the dosage as recommended. ( 2.11 , 7.1 )

7.1 Effect of Other Drugs on AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ Strong or Moderate CYP3A Inhibitor and P-gp Inhibitor Avoid the coadministration of a strong CYP3A inhibitor and P-gp inhibitor [see Dosage and Administration (2.11), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] . Reduce the dosage for AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ with a moderate CYP3A inhibitor and Pg-p inhibitor as recommended [see Dosage and Administration (2.11), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] . Cannabidiol Oral Solution Reduce the dosage of AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ when coadministered with cannabidiol oral solution [see Dosage and Administration (2.11)] . Coadministration with cannabidiol oral solution increases everolimus exposure [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] , which may increase the risk of everolimus adverse reactions. The effects of other cannabidiol products on everolimus exposure are unknown. Strong CYP3A Inducer and P-gp Inducer Increase the dosage for AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ with a strong CYP3A inducer and Pg-p inducer as recommended [see Dosage and Administration (2.11), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

7.2 Effects of Combination Use of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Patients taking concomitant ACE inhibitors with AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ may be at increased risk for angioedema. Avoid the concomitant use of ACE inhibitors with AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] .

For breast cancer, NET, RCC, or TSC-associated renal angiomyolipoma patients with hepatic impairment , reduce the dose. ( 2.10 , 8.6 ) For patients with TSC-associated SEGA or TSC-associated partial-onset seizures and severe hepatic impairment , reduce the starting dose and adjust dose to attain target trough concentrations. ( 2.8 , 2.10 , 8.6 )

8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Based on animal studies and the mechanism of action [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1)] , AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are limited case reports of AFINITOR use in pregnant women; however, these reports are not sufficient to inform about risks of birth defects or miscarriage. In animal studies, everolimus caused embryo-fetal toxicities in rats when administered during the period of organogenesis at maternal exposures that were lower than human exposures at the recommended dose of AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily (see Data) . Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to the fetus. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20% of clinically recognized pregnancies, respectively. Data Animal Data In animal reproductive studies, oral administration of everolimus to female rats before mating and through organogenesis induced embryo-fetal toxicities, including increased resorption, pre-implantation and post-implantation loss, decreased numbers of live fetuses, malformation (e.g., sternal cleft), and retarded skeletal development. These effects occurred in the absence of maternal toxicities. Embryo-fetal toxicities in rats occurred at doses ≥ 0.1 mg/kg (0.6 mg/m 2 ) with resulting exposures of approximately 4% of the human exposure at the recommended dose of AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily based on area under the curve (AUC). In rabbits, embryo-toxicity evident as an increase in resorptions occurred at an oral dose of 0.8 mg/kg (9.6 mg/m 2 ), approximately 1.6 times the recommended dose of AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily or the median dose administered to patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-associated subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA), and 1.3 times the median dose administered to patients with TSC-associated partial-onset seizures based on BSA. The effect in rabbits occurred in the presence of maternal toxicities. In a pre- and post-natal development study in rats, animals were dosed from implantation through lactation. At the dose of 0.1 mg/kg (0.6 mg/m 2 ), there were no adverse effects on delivery and lactation or signs of maternal toxicity; however, there were reductions in body weight (up to 9% reduction from the control) and in survival of offspring (~5% died or missing). There were no drug-related effects on the developmental parameters (morphological development, motor activity, learning, or fertility assessment) in the offspring.

8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of everolimus or its metabolites in human milk, the effects of everolimus on the breastfed infant or on milk production. Everolimus and its metabolites passed into the milk of lactating rats at a concentration 3.5 times higher than in maternal serum. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed infants from everolimus, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ and for 2 weeks after the last dose.

8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Pregnancy Testing Verify the pregnancy status of females of reproductive potential prior to starting AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] . Contraception AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] . Females: Advise female patients of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ and for 8 weeks after the last dose. Males: Advise male patients with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ and for 4 weeks after the last dose. Infertility Females: Menstrual irregularities, secondary amenorrhea, and increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) occurred in female patients taking AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ. Based on these findings, AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ may impair fertility in female patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)] . Males: Cases of reversible azoospermia have been reported in male patients taking AFINITOR. In male rats, sperm motility, sperm count, plasma testosterone levels and fertility were diminished at AUC similar to those of the clinical dose of AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily. Based on these findings, AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ may impair fertility in male patients [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)] .

8.4 Pediatric Use TSC-Associated SEGA The safety and effectiveness of AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ have been established in pediatric patients age 1 year and older with TSC-associated SEGA that requires therapeutic intervention but cannot be curatively resected. Use of AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ for this indication is supported by evidence from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adult and pediatric patients (EXIST-1); an open-label, single-arm trial in adult and pediatric patients (Study 2485); and additional pharmacokinetic data in pediatric patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3), Clinical Studies (14.5)] . The safety and effectiveness of AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ have not been established in pediatric patients less than 1 year of age with TSC-associated SEGA. In EXIST-1, the incidence of infections and serious infections were reported at a higher frequency in patients < 6 years of age. Ninety-six percent of 23 AFINITOR-treated patients < 6 years had at least one infection compared to 67% of 55 AFINITOR-treated patients ≥ 6 years. Thirty-five percent of 23 AFINITOR-treated patients < 6 years of age had at least 1 serious infection compared to 7% of 55 AFINITOR-treated patients ≥ 6 years. Although a conclusive determination cannot be made due to the limited number of patients and lack of a comparator arm in the open label follow-up periods of EXIST-1 and Study 2485, AFINITOR did not appear to adversely impact growth and pubertal development in the 115 pediatric patients treated with AFINITOR for a median duration of 4.1 years. TSC-Associated Partial-Onset Seizures The safety and effectiveness of AFINITOR DISPERZ has been established for the adjunctive treatment of pediatric patients aged 2 years and older with TSC-associated partial-onset seizures. Use of AFINITOR DISPERZ for this indication is supported by evidence from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adult and pediatric patients (EXIST-3) with additional pharmacokinetic data in pediatric patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3), Clinical Studies (14.6)] . The safety and effectiveness of AFINITOR DISPERZ and AFINITOR have not been established for the adjunctive treatment of pediatric patients less than 2 years of age with TSC-associated partial-onset seizures. The incidence of infections and serious infections were reported at a higher frequency in patients < 6 years of age compared to patients ≥ 6 years old. Seventy-seven percent of 70 AFINITOR DISPERZ-treated patients < 6 years had at least one infection, compared to 53% of 177 AFINITOR DISPERZ-treated patients ≥ 6 years. Sixteen percent of 70 AFINITOR DISPERZ-treated patients < 6 years of age had at least 1 serious infection, compared to 4% of 177 AFINITOR DISPERZ-treated patients ≥ 6 years of age. Two fatal cases due to infections were reported in pediatric patients. […]

Everolimus is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine-threonine kinase, downstream of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in several human cancers and in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Everolimus binds to an intracellular protein, FKBP-12, resulting in an inhibitory complex formation with mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and thus inhibition of mTOR kinase activity. Everolimus reduced the activity of S6 ribosomal protein kinase (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), downstream effectors of mTOR, involved in protein synthesis. S6K1 is a substrate of mTORC1 and phosphorylates the activation domain 1 of the estrogen receptor which results in ligand-independent activation of the receptor. In addition, everolimus inhibited the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (e.g., HIF-1) and reduced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Inhibition of mTOR by everolimus has been shown to reduce cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and glucose uptake in in vitro and/or in vivo studies. Constitutive activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway can contribute to endocrine resistance in breast cancer. In vitro studies show that estrogen-dependent and HER2+ breast cancer cells are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of everolimus, and that combination treatment with everolimus and Akt, HER2, or aromatase inhibitors enhances the anti-tumor activity of everolimus in a synergistic manner. Two regulators of mTORC1 signaling are the oncogene suppressors tuberin-sclerosis complexes 1 and 2 ( TSC1, TSC2 ). Loss or inactivation of either TSC1 or TSC2 leads to activation of downstream signaling. In TSC, a genetic disorder, inactivating mutations in either the TSC1 or the TSC2 gene lead to hamartoma formation throughout the body as well as seizures and epileptogenesis. Overactivation of mTOR results in neuronal dysplasia, aberrant axonogenesis and dendrite formation, increased excitatory synaptic currents, reduced myelination, and disruption of the cortical laminar structure causing abnormalities in neuronal development and function. Treatment with an mTOR inhibitor in animal models of mTOR dysregulation in the brain resulted in seizure suppression, prevention of the development of new-onset seizures, and prevention of premature death.