Sitagliptin

Sitagliptin Tablets are indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Limitations of Use Sitagliptin Tablets is not recommended in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Sitagliptin Tablets have not been studied in patients with a history of pancreatitis. It is unknown whether patients with a history of pancreatitis are at increased risk for the development of pancreatitis while using Sitagliptin Tablets. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. Sitagliptin Tablets are a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( 1 ) Limitations of Use: Sitagliptin Tablets are not recommended in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. ( 1 ) Sitagliptin Tablets has not been studied in patients with a history of pancreatitis. ( 1 )

100 mg tablets are beige, round, biconvex, film coated tablets debossed with "12" on one side and "42" on the other side. 50 mg tablets are pale yellow, round, biconvex, film coated tablets debossed with "12" on one side and "41" on the other side. 25 mg tablets are white to off white, round, biconvex, film coated tablets debossed with "12" on one side and "40" on the other side. Tablets: 100 mg, 50 mg, and 25 mg ( 3 )

Sitagliptin Tablets is contraindicated in patients with a history of a serious hypersensitivity reaction to sitagliptin or any of the excipients in Sitagliptin Tablets. Serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and angioedema have been reported with sitagliptin. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ; Adverse Reactions (6.2) ]. History of a serious hypersensitivity reaction to sitagliptin or any of the excipients in Sitagliptin Tablets, such as anaphylaxis or angioedema ( 4 )

Pancreatitis: There have been postmarketing reports of acute pancreatitis, including fatal and non-fatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis. If pancreatitis is suspected, promptly discontinue Sitagliptin Tablets. ( 5.1 ) Heart failure: Heart failure has been observed with two other members of the DPP-4 inhibitor class. Consider risks and benefits of Sitagliptin Tablets in patients who have known risk factors for heart failure. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms. ( 5.2 ) Acute Renal Failure: Has been reported postmarketing, sometimes requiring dialysis. Assessment of renal function is recommended prior to initiating Sitagliptin Tablets and periodically thereafter. ( 5.3 ) Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues: Increased risk of hypoglycemia when used in combination with insulin and/or an insulin secretagogue. Lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required. ( 5.4 ) Hypersensitivity Reactions: There have been postmarketing reports of serious allergic and hypersensitivity reactions in patients treated with sitagliptin such as anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Promptly stop Sitagliptin Tablets, assess for other potential causes, institute appropriate monitoring and treatment. ( 5.5 ) Severe and Disabling Arthralgia: Has been reported in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors. Consider as a possible cause for severe joint pain and discontinue drug if appropriate. ( 5.6 ) Bullous Pemphigoid: There have been postmarketing reports requiring hospitalization in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors. Tell patients to report development of blisters or erosions. If bullous pemphigoid is suspected, discontinue Sitagliptin Tablets. ( 5.7 )

5.1 Pancreatitis There have been postmarketing reports of acute pancreatitis, including fatal and non-fatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis, in patients taking sitagliptin. After initiation of Sitagliptin Tablets, patients should be observed carefully for signs and symptoms of pancreatitis. If pancreatitis is suspected, Sitagliptin Tablets should promptly be discontinued and appropriate management should be initiated. It is unknown whether patients with a history of pancreatitis are at increased risk for the development of pancreatitis while using Sitagliptin Tablets.

5.2 Heart Failure An association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor treatment and heart failure has been observed in cardiovascular outcomes trials for two other members of the DPP-4 inhibitor class. These trials evaluated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Consider the risks and benefits of Sitagliptin Tablets prior to initiating treatment in patients at risk for heart failure, such as those with a prior history of heart failure and a history of renal impairment and observe these patients for signs and symptoms of heart failure during therapy. Advise patients of the characteristic symptoms of heart failure and to immediately report such symptoms. If heart failure develops, evaluate and manage according to current standards of care and consider discontinuation of Sitagliptin Tablets.

5.3 Acute Renal Failure There have been postmarketing reports of worsening renal function, including acute renal failure, sometimes requiring dialysis. A subset of these reports involved patients with renal impairment, some of whom were prescribed inappropriate doses of sitagliptin. A return to baseline levels of renal impairment has been observed with supportive treatment and discontinuation of potentially causative agents. Consideration can be given to cautiously reinitiating Sitagliptin Tablets if another etiology is deemed likely to have precipitated the acute worsening of renal function. Assessment of renal function is recommended prior to initiating Sitagliptin Tablets and periodically thereafter. A dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment and in patients with ESRD requiring hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ; Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ].

5.4 Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues When sitagliptin was used in combination with insulin or insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylurea), medications known to cause hypoglycemia, the incidence of hypoglycemia was increased over that of placebo used in combination with a sulfonylurea or with insulin. [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. Therefore, a lower dose of sulfonylurea or insulin may be required to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia when used in combination with Sitagliptin Tablets. [see Drug Interactions (7.1) ].

5.5 Hypersensitivity Reactions There have been postmarketing reports of serious hypersensitivity reactions in patients treated with sitagliptin. These reactions include anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Onset of these reactions occurred within the first 3 months after initiation of treatment with sitagliptin, with some reports occurring after the first dose. If a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, discontinue Sitagliptin Tablets, assess for other potential causes for the event, and institute alternative treatment for diabetes. [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) ]. Angioedema has also been reported with other DPP-4 inhibitors. Use caution in a patient with a history of angioedema with another DPP-4 inhibitor because it is unknown whether such patients will be predisposed to angioedema with sitagliptin.

5.6 Severe and Disabling Arthralgia There have been postmarketing reports of severe and disabling arthralgia in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors. The time to onset of symptoms following initiation of drug therapy varied from one day to years. Patients experienced relief of symptoms upon discontinuation of the medication. A subset of patients experienced a recurrence of symptoms when restarting the same drug or a different DPP-4 inhibitor. Consider DPP-4 inhibitors as a possible cause for severe joint pain and discontinue drug if appropriate.

5.7 Bullous Pemphigoid Postmarketing cases of bullous pemphigoid requiring hospitalization have been reported with DPP-4 inhibitor use. In reported cases, patients typically recovered with topical or systemic immunosuppressive treatment and discontinuation of the DPP-4 inhibitor. Tell patients to report development of blisters or erosions while receiving Sitagliptin Tablets. If bullous pemphigoid is suspected, Sitagliptin Tablets should be discontinued and referral to a dermatologist should be considered for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The following adverse reactions are also discussed elsewhere in the prescribing information: Pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Heart Failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Acute Renal Failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] Severe and Disabling Arthralgia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] Bullous Pemphigoid [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] Most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥5%) are: upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis and headache. In the add-on to sulfonylurea and add-on to insulin studies, hypoglycemia was also more commonly reported in patients treated with sitagliptin compared to placebo. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. at 1-877-993-8779 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Common Adverse Reactions In controlled clinical trials as both monotherapy and combination therapy with metformin, pioglitazone, or rosiglitazone and metformin, the overall incidence of adverse reactions, hypoglycemia, and discontinuation of therapy due to clinical adverse reactions with sitagliptin were similar to placebo. In combination with glimepiride, with or without metformin, the overall incidence of clinical adverse reactions with sitagliptin was higher than with placebo, in part related to a higher incidence of hypoglycemia (see Table 3); the incidence of discontinuation due to clinical adverse reactions was similar to placebo. Two placebo-controlled monotherapy trials, one of 18- and one of 24-week duration, included patients treated with sitagliptin 100 mg daily, sitagliptin 200 mg daily, and placebo. Five placebo-controlled add-on combination therapy trials were also conducted: one with metformin; one with pioglitazone; one with metformin and rosiglitazone; one with glimepiride (with or without metformin); and one with insulin (with or without metformin). In these trials, patients with inadequate glycemic control on a stable dosage of the background therapy were randomized to add-on therapy with sitagliptin 100 mg daily or placebo. The adverse reactions, excluding hypoglycemia, reported in ≥5% of patients treated with sitagliptin 100 mg daily and more commonly than in patients treated with placebo, are shown in Table 1 for the clinical trials of at least 18 weeks duration. Incidences of hypoglycemia are shown in Table 3. Table 1: Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials of Sitagliptin Monotherapy or Add-on Combination Therapy with Pioglitazone, Metformin + Rosiglitazone, or Glimepiride +/-Metformin: Adverse Reactions (Excluding Hypoglycemia) Reported in ≥5% of Patients and More Commonly than in Patients Given Placebo Intent-to-treat population Number of Patients (%) Monotherapy (18 or 24 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg Placebo N = 443 N = 363 Nasopharyngitis 23 (5.2) 12 (3.3) Combination with Pioglitazone (24 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg + Pioglitazone Placebo + Pioglitazone N = 175 N = 178 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 11 (6.3) 6 (3.4) Headache 9 (5.1) 7 (3.9) Combination with Metformin + Rosiglitazone (18 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg + Metformin + Rosiglitazone Placebo + Metformin + Rosiglitazone N = 181 N = 97 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 10 (5.5) 5 (5.2) Nasopharyngitis 11 (6.1) 4 (4.1) Combination with Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) (24 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg + Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) Placebo + Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) N = 222 N = 219 Nasopharyngitis 14 (6.3) 10 (4.6) Headache 13 (5.9) 5 (2.3) In the 24-week trial of patients receiving sitagliptin as add-on combination therapy with metformin, there were no adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of patients and more commonly than in patients given placebo. In the 24-week trial of patients receiving sitagliptin as add-on therapy to insulin (with or without metformin), there were no adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of patients and more commonly than in patients given placebo, except for hypoglycemia (see Table 3). In the trial of sitagliptin as add-on combination therapy with metformin and rosiglitazone (Table 1), through Week 54 the adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of patients treated with sitagliptin and more commonly than in patients treated with placebo were: upper respiratory tract infection (sitagliptin, 15.5%; placebo, 6.2%), nasopharyngitis (11%, 9.3%), peripheral edema (8.3%, 5.2%), and headache (5.5%, 4.1%). In an additional, 24-week, placebo-controlled factorial trial of initial therapy with sitagliptin in combination with metformin, the adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of patients are shown in Table 2. Table 2: Initial Therapy with Combination of Sitagliptin and Metformin: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥5% of Patients Receiving Combination Therapy (and Greater than in Patients Receiving Metformin alone, Sitagliptin alone, and Placebo) Intent-to-treat population. Number of Patients (%) Placebo Sitagliptin 100 mg QD Metformin HCl 500 or 1,000 mg bid Data pooled for the patients given the lower and higher doses of metformin. Sitagliptin 50 mg bid + Metformin HCl 500 or 1,000 mg bid N = 176 N = 179 N = 364 N = 372 Upper Respiratory Infection 9 (5.1) 8 (4.5) 19 (5.2) 23 (6.2) Headache 5 (2.8) 2 (1.1) 14 (3.8) 22 (5.9) In a 24-week trial of initial therapy with sitagliptin in combination with pioglitazone, there were no adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of patients and more commonly than in patients given pioglitazone alone. Other Adverse Reactions Hypoglycemia In the above trials (N=9), adverse reactions of hypoglycemia were based on all reports of symptomatic hypoglycemia. A concurrent blood glucose measurement was not required although most (74%) reports of hypoglycemia were accompanied by a blood glucose measurement ≤70 mg/dL. When sitagliptin was coadministered with a sulfonylurea or with insulin, the percentage of patients with at least one adverse reaction of hypoglycemia was higher than in the corresponding placebo group (Table 3). Table 3: Incidence and Rate of Hypoglycemia Adverse reactions of hypoglycemia were based on all reports of symptomatic hypoglycemia; a concurrent glucose measurement was not required; intent-to-treat population. in Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials when Sitagliptin was used as Add-On Therapy to Glimepiride (with or without Metformin) or Insulin (with or without Metformin) Add-On to Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) (24 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg + Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) Placebo + Glimepiride (+/- Metformin) N = 222 N = 219 Overall (%) 27 (12.2) 4 (1.8) Rate (episodes/patient-year) Based on total number of events (i.e., a single patient may have had multiple events). 0.59

0.24 Severe (%) Severe events of hypoglycemia were defined as those events requiring medical assistance or exhibiting depressed level/loss of consciousness or seizure. 0 (0) 0 (0) Add-On to Insulin (+/- Metformin) (24 weeks) Sitagliptin 100 mg + Insulin (+/- Metformin) Placebo + Insulin (+/- Metformin) N = 322 N = 319 Overall (%) 50 (15.5) 25 (7.8) Rate (episodes/patient-year) 1.06

0.51 Severe (%) 2 (0.6) 1 (0.3) In a pooled analysis of the two monotherapy trials, the add-on to metformin trial, and the add-on to pioglitazone trial, the overall incidence of adverse reactions of hypoglycemia was 1.2% in patients treated with sitagliptin 100 mg and 0.9% in patients treated with placebo. In the trial of sitagliptin as add-on combination therapy with metformin and rosiglitazone, the overall incidence of hypoglycemia was 2.2% in patients given add-on sitagliptin and 0% in patients given add-on placebo through Week 18. […]

7.1 Insulin Secretagogues or Insulin Sitagliptin lowers blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coadministration of sitagliptin with an insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea) or insulin may require lower doses of the insulin secretagogue or insulin to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ].

8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary The limited available data with sitagliptin in pregnant women are not sufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations]. No adverse developmental effects were observed when sitagliptin was administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at oral doses up to 30-times and 20-times, respectively, the 100 mg clinical dose, based on AUC [see Data] . The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6 to 10% in women with pre-gestational diabetes with a hemoglobin A1c (A1C) >7% and has been reported to be as high as 20 to 25% in women with a A1C >10%. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk Poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, pre-eclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, still birth, and macrosomia related morbidity. Data Animal Data In embryo-fetal development studies, sitagliptin administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis (gestation day 6 to 20) did not adversely affect developmental outcomes at oral doses up to 250 mg/kg (30-times the 100 mg clinical dose) and 125 mg/kg (20-times the 100 mg clinical dose), respectively, based on AUC. Higher doses in rats associated with maternal toxicity increased the incidence of rib malformations in offspring at 1,000 mg/kg, or approximately 100-times the clinical dose, based on AUC. Placental transfer of sitagliptin was observed in pregnant rats and rabbits. Sitagliptin administered to female rats from gestation day 6 to lactation day 21 caused no functional or behavioral toxicity in offspring of rats at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg.

8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There is no information regarding the presence of sitagliptin in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Sitagliptin is present in rat milk and therefore possibly present in human milk [see Data] . The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for sitagliptin and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from sitagliptin or from the underlying maternal condition. Data Sitagliptin is secreted in the milk of lactating rats at a milk to plasma ratio of 4:1.

8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of Sitagliptin Tablets have not been established in pediatric patients. Pediatric information describing clinical trials in which efficacy was not demonstrated is approved for Merck Sharp and Dohme's sitagliptin tablets. However, due to Merck Sharp and Dohme's marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that information.

8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of subjects (N=3,884) in pre-approval clinical safety and efficacy trials of sitagliptin, 725 patients were 65 years and over, while 61 patients were 75 years and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness of sitagliptin have been observed between patients 65 years and over and younger patients. Because sitagliptin is substantially excreted by the kidney, and because aging can be associated with reduced renal function, renal function should be assessed more frequently in elderly patients [ see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]

8.6 Renal Impairment Sitagliptin is excreted by the kidney, and sitagliptin exposure is increased in patients with renal impairment. Lower dosages are recommended in patients with eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (moderate and severe renal impairment, as well as in ESRD patients requiring dialysis). [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ; Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

Sitagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor, which is believed to exert its actions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by slowing the inactivation of incretin hormones. Concentrations of the active intact hormones are increased by sitagliptin, thereby increasing and prolonging the action of these hormones. Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are released by the intestine throughout the day, and levels are increased in response to a meal. These hormones are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme, DPP-4. The incretins are part of an endogenous system involved in the physiologic regulation of glucose homeostasis. When blood glucose concentrations are normal or elevated, GLP-1 and GIP increase insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells by intracellular signaling pathways involving cyclic AMP. GLP-1 also lowers glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, leading to reduced hepatic glucose production. By increasing and prolonging active incretin levels, sitagliptin increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels in the circulation in a glucose-dependent manner. Sitagliptin demonstrates selectivity for DPP-4 and does not inhibit DPP-8 or DPP-9 activity in vitro at concentrations approximating those from therapeutic doses.