Vancomycin

TYZAVAN is a glycopeptide antibacterial indicated for the treatment of the following infections in adult and pediatric patients (1 month and older) for whom appropriate dosing with this formulation can be achieved: Septicemia ( 1.1 ) Infective Endocarditis ( 1.2 ) Skin and Skin Structure Infections ( 1.3 ) Bone Infections ( 1.4 ) Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ( 1.5 ) To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of TYZAVAN and other antibacterial drugs, TYZAVAN should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. ( 1.6 )

1.1 Septicemia TYZAVAN is indicated in adults and pediatric patients (1 month and older) for whom appropriate dosing with this formulation can be achieved [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] for the treatment of septicemia due to: Susceptible isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase negative staphylococci. Methicillin-susceptible staphylococci in penicillin-allergic patients, or those patients who cannot receive or who have failed to respond to other drugs, including penicillins or cephalosporins.

1.2 Infective Endocarditis TYZAVAN is indicated in adults and pediatric patients (1 month and older) for whom appropriate dosing with this formulation can be achieved [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] for the treatment of infective endocarditis due to: Susceptible isolates of MRSA. Viridans group streptococci Streptococcus gallolyticus (previously known as Streptococcus bovis ), Enterococcus species and Corynebacterium species. For enterococcal endocarditis, use TYZAVAN in combination with an aminoglycoside. Methicillin-susceptible staphylococci in penicillin-allergic patients, or those patients who cannot receive or who have failed to respond to other drugs, including penicillins or cephalosporins. TYZAVAN is indicated in adults and pediatric patients (1 month and older) for whom appropriate dosing with this formulation can be achieved [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] for the treatment of early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in combination with rifampin and an aminoglycoside.

1.3 Skin and Skin Structure Infections TYZAVAN is indicated in adults and pediatric patients (1 month and older) for whom appropriate dosing with this formulation can be achieved [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections due to: Susceptible isolates of MRSA and coagulase negative staphylococci. Methicillin-susceptible staphylococci in penicillin-allergic patients, or those patients who cannot receive or who have failed to respond to other drugs, including penicillins or cephalosporins.

1.4 Bone Infections TYZAVAN is indicated in adults and pediatric patients (1 month and older) for whom appropriate dosing with this formulation can be achieved [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] for the treatment of bone infections due to: Susceptible isolates of MRSA and coagulase negative staphylococci. Methicillin-susceptible staphylococci in penicillin-allergic patients, or those patients who cannot receive or who have failed to respond to other drugs, including penicillins or cephalosporins.

1.5 Lower Respiratory Tract Infections TYZAVAN is indicated in adults and pediatric patients (1 month and older) for whom appropriate dosing with this formulation can be achieved [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections due to: Susceptible isolates of MRSA Methicillin-susceptible staphylococci in penicillin-allergic patients, or those patients who cannot receive or who have failed to respond to other drugs, including penicillins or cephalosporins.

1.6 Usage To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness TYZAVAN and other antibacterial drugs, TYZAVAN should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

Injection: TYZAVAN (Vancomycin Injection, USP) is a ready to use clear, colorless to light brown sterile solution in single-dose flexible bags in the following strengths: 500 mg vancomycin in 100 mL (5 mg/mL), 750 mg vancomycin in 150 mL (5 mg/mL), 1 g vancomycin in 200 mL (5 mg/mL), 1.25 g vancomycin in 250 mL (5 mg/mL), 1.5 g vancomycin in 300 mL (5 mg/mL), 1.75 g vancomycin in 350 mL (5 mg/mL) and 2 g vancomycin in 400 mL (5mg/mL) of Water for Injection [see Description (11) ] . Injection: TYZAVAN contains 500 mg vancomycin in 100 mL, 750 mg vancomycin in 150 mL, 1 g vancomycin in 200 mL, 1.25 g vancomycin in 250 mL, 1.5 g vancomycin in 300 mL, 1.75 g vancomycin in 350 mL and 2 g vancomycin in 400 mL (5 mg/mL) of Water for Injection in single-dose flexible bags. ( 3 )

TYZAVAN is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to vancomycin. Hypersensitivity to vancomycin ( 4 )

Infusion Reactions : Hypotension, including shock and cardiac arrest, wheezing, dyspnea, urticaria, muscular and chest pain and “vancomycin infusion reactions” which manifests as pruritus and erythema that involves the face, neck and upper body may occur with rapid intravenous administration. To reduce the risk of infusion reactions, administer TYZAVAN over a period of 60 minutes or greater and also prior to intravenous anesthetic agents. ( 2.1, 5.1 ) Nephrotoxicity : Monitor renal function in all patients receiving TYZAVAN. ( 5.2 ) Ototoxicity : Serial tests of auditory function may be helpful. ( 5.3 ) Severe Dermatologic Reactions : Discontinue TYZAVAN at the first appearance of signs and symptoms of TEN, SJS, DRESS, AGEP, or LABD. ( 5.4 ) Clostridioides difficile -Associated Diarrhea (CDAD) : Evaluate patients if diarrhea occurs. ( 5.5 ). Neutropenia : Periodically monitor leukocyte count. ( 5.7 ) Phlebitis and Other Administration Site Reactions : Vancomycin is irritating to tissue and must be given by a secure intravenous route of administration. ( 5.8 )

5.1 Infusion Reactions Hypotension, including shock and cardiac arrest, wheezing, dyspnea, urticaria or pruritus, muscular and chest pain may occur with rapid TYZAVAN administration (e.g., over several minutes). The reactions may be more severe in pediatric patients (1 month and older) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] . Rapid intravenous administration of TYZAVAN may also be associated with “vancomycin infusion reactions” which manifests as pruritus and erythema that involves the face, neck and upper body or pain and muscle spasm of the chest and back. There have been reports that the frequency of of infusion-related reactions (including hypotension, flushing, erythema, urticaria, and pruritus) increases with the concomitant administration of anesthetic agents. Infusion-related adverse reactions are related to both the concentration and the rate of administration of TYZAVAN. Infusion-related adverse reactions may occur, however, at any rate or concentration. Administer TYZAVAN over a period of 60 minutes or greater to reduce the risk of infusion-related adverse reactions. In selected patients in need of fluid restriction, a concentration up to 10 mg/mL may be used; use of such higher concentrations may increase the risk of infusion-related adverse reactions. Administer TYZAVAN as a 60-minute infusion prior to administration of intravenous anesthetic agents when feasible to minimize infusion-related adverse reactions. Stop the infusion if a reaction occurs because this usually results in prompt cessation of these reactions.

5.2 Nephrotoxicity TYZAVAN can result in acute kidney injury (AKI), including acute renal failure, mainly due to interstitial nephritis or less commonly acute tubular necrosis. AKI is manifested by increasing blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr). The risk of AKI increases with higher vancomycin serum levels, prolonged exposure, concomitant administration of other nephrotoxic drugs, concomitant administration of piperacillin-tazobactam [see Drug Interactions (7.2) ] , volume depletion, pre-existing renal impairment and in critically ill patients and patients with co-morbid conditions that predispose to renal impairment. Monitor serum vancomycin concentrations and renal function in all patients receiving TYZAVAN. More frequent monitoring is recommended in patients with comorbidities that predispose to impairment in renal function or are concomitantly receiving other nephrotoxic drugs, in critically ill patients, in patients with changing renal function, and in patients requiring higher therapeutic vancomycin levels. If acute kidney injury occurs, discontinue TYZAVAN or reduce the dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] .

5.3 Ototoxicity Ototoxicity has occurred in patients receiving vancomycin. It may be reversible or permanent. Ototoxicity manifests as tinnitus, hearing loss, dizziness or vertigo. The risk is higher in older patients, patients who are receiving higher doses, who have an underlying hearing loss, who are receiving concomitant therapy with another ototoxic agent, such as an aminoglycoside or who have underlying renal impairment. Monitor for signs and symptoms of ototoxicity during therapy. Monitor serum vancomycin concentrations and renal function in all patients receiving parenteral vancomycin. Discontinue TYZAVAN if ototoxicity occurs. Dosage of TYZAVAN must be adjusted for patients with renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] . Serial tests of auditory function may be helpful in order to minimize the risk of ototoxicity .

5.4 Severe Dermatologic Reactions Severe dermatologic reactions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), and linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) have been reported in association with the use of vancomycin. Cutaneous signs or symptoms reported include skin rashes (including exfoliative dermatitis), mucosal lesions, and blisters. Discontinue TYZAVAN at the first appearance of signs and symptoms of TEN, SJS, DRESS, AGEP, or LABD.

5.5 Clostridioides Difficile -Associated Diarrhea (CDAD) Clostridioides difficile -associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including vancomycin and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile . C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C. difficile , and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated. Prolonged use of TYZAVAN may result in the overgrowth of nonsusceptible microorganisms. Careful observation of the patient is essential. If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken. In rare instances, there have been reports of pseudomembranous colitis due to C. difficile developing in patients who received intravenous vancomycin.

5.6 Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis (HORV) Hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis, including permanent loss of vision, occurred in patients receiving intracameral or intravitreal administration of vancomycin during or after cataract surgery. The safety and efficacy of vancomycin administered by the intracameral or the intravitreal route have not been established by adequate and well-controlled trials. Vancomycin is not indicated for the prophylaxis of endophthalmitis.

5.7 Neutropenia Reversible neutropenia has been reported in patients receiving vancomycin [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ] . Patients who will undergo prolonged therapy with vancomycin or those who are receiving concomitant drugs that may cause neutropenia should have periodic monitoring of the leukocyte count. Reversible neutropenia, usually starting 1 week or more after onset of therapy with vancomycin or after a total dosage of more than 25 g, has been reported for several dozen patients. Neutropenia appears to be promptly reversible when vancomycin is discontinued. Thrombocytopenia has been reported. Although a causal relationship has not been established, reversible agranulocytosis (granulocytes <500/mm 3 ) has been reported. […]

The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Infusion Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Nephrotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Ototoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Severe Dermatologic Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Clostridioides Difficile -Associated Diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] Neutropenia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] Phlebitis and Other Administration Site Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] The most common adverse reactions are anaphylaxis, “vancomycin infusion reactions”, acute kidney injury, hearing loss, neutropenia. ( 6 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. at 1-877-845-0689 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The following adverse reactions associated with the use of vancomycin were identified in clinical trials: Immune System Disorders: Anaphylaxis and “vancomycin infusion reaction” Renal and Urinary Disorders: Acute kidney injury and interstitial nephritis Ear and Labyrinth Disorders: Hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Rashes including exfoliative dermatitis, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) Gastrointestinal Disorders: Clostridioides difficile colitis, nausea Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Agranulocytosis, neutropenia, pancytopenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia Cardiac Disorders: Cardiac arrest, chest pain General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: General discomfort, fever, chills, phlebitis, injection site irritation, injection site pain and necrosis following intramuscular injection, chemical peritonitis following intraperitoneal administration (TYZAVAN is not approved for intramuscular and intraperitoneal administration) Laboratory Abnormalities: Elevated blood urea nitrogen, elevated serum creatinine Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: Muscle pain Nervous System Disorders: Dizziness Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: Wheezing, dyspnea Vascular Disorders: Hypotension, shock, vasculitis

6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during postmarketing use of vancomycin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Immune System Disorders: Acute myocardial ischemia with or without myocardial infarction may occur as part of an allergic reaction. Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Severe dermatologic reactions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), and linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD). Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Hemolytic anemia

Anesthetic Agents : Concomitant administration of vancomycin and anesthetic agents has been associated with erythema and histamine-like flushing. ( 2.1 , 7.1 ) Piperacillin/Tazobactam : Increased incidence of acute kidney injury in patients receiving concomitant piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin as compared to vancomycin alone. Monitor kidney function in patients. ( 7.2 )

7.1 Anesthetic Agents Concomitant administration of vancomycin and anesthetic agents has been associated with erythema and histamine-like flushing [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] .

7.2 Piperacillin-Tazobactam Studies have detected an increased incidence of acute kidney injury in patients administered concomitant piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin as compared to vancomycin alone. Monitor kidney function in patients receiving concomitant piperacillin/tazobactam and TYZAVAN. No pharmacokinetic interactions have been noted between piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin.

7.3 Ototoxic and/or Nephrotoxic Drugs Concurrent and/or sequential systemic or topical use of other potentially neurotoxic and/or nephrotoxic drugs with TYZAVAN requires more frequent monitoring of renal function.

8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary The available data on the use of this formulation of TYZAVAN (which includes the excipient NADA) in pregnant women are insufficient to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data ) . Available data over several decades of vancomycin (without the excipient NADA) use in pregnant women have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data ) . Vancomycin did not show adverse developmental effects when administered intravenously to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses less than or equal to the recommended maximum human dose (see Data ) . The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Data Human Data Available data from postmarketing cases on use of this formulation of vancomycin injection (with the excipient NADA) in pregnant women are insufficient to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal or infant outcomes. There are no available data on first trimester use of vancomycin (without the excipient NADA); however, available published data on use in pregnancy during the second and third trimesters have not shown an association with adverse pregnancy related outcomes. A published study evaluated hearing loss and nephrotoxicity in infants of 10 pregnant intravenous drug users treated with intravenously administered vancomycin (formulation did not include the excipient NADA) for suspected or documented methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the second or third trimester. The comparison groups were 10 non-intravenous drug-dependent patients who received no treatment, and 10 untreated intravenous drug-dependent patients who served as substance abuse controls. No infant in the vancomycin exposed group had abnormal sensorineural hearing at 3 months of age or nephrotoxicity. A published prospective study assessed outcomes in 55 pregnant women with a positive Group B streptococcus (GBS) culture and a high-risk penicillin allergy with resistance to clindamycin or unknown sensitivity who were administered vancomycin (formulation did not include the excipient NADA) at the time of delivery. Vancomycin dosing ranged from the standard 1 g intravenously every 12 hours to 20 mg/kg intravenous every 8 hours (maximum individual dose 2 g). No major adverse reactions were recorded either in the mothers or their newborns. None of the newborns had sensorineural hearing loss. Neonatal renal function was not examined, but all of the newborns were discharged in good condition. Animal Data Vancomycin did not cause fetal malformations when administered during organogenesis to pregnant rats (gestation days 6 to 15) and rabbits (gestation days 6 to 18) at doses less than or equal to the recommended maximum human dose (based on body surface area comparisons) of 200 mg/kg/day IV to rats or 120 mg/kg/day IV to rabbits. No effects on fetal weight or development were seen in rats at the highest dose tested or in rabbits given 80 mg/kg/day (approximately 1 and 0.8 times the recommended maximum human dose based on body surface area, respectively). Maternal toxicity was observed in rats (at doses 120 mg/kg and above) and rabbits (at 80 mg/kg and above). 1 Animal reproduction studies conducted in pregnant rabbits (gestation days 6 to 19) administered intravenous NADA at 1680 mg/kg (32 times the maximum daily human dose or greater based on AUC levels of NADA) resulted in fetal scoliosis and a spectrum of cardiovascular malformations. Increased incidence of delayed or incomplete ossifications of the metacarpals/metatarsals/phalanges and increased ossification (fused jugal/maxilla bones) were also observed in rabbits at 1680 mg/kg without maternal toxicity. No adverse developmental outcomes were observed in rabbits administered intravenous NADA at 560 mg/kg (11 times the maximum daily human dose based on AUC levels of NADA). In reproduction studies in pregnant rats (gestation days 6 to 17) administered intravenous NADA at 3780 mg/kg (20 times the maximum daily human dose based on AUC levels of NADA) no fetal adverse effects were observed. Maternal toxicity, including increased incidence of litter loss, was observed in rats at 3780 mg/kg [ see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. No animal studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential reproductive and embryo-fetal effects of TYZAVAN (with the excipient NADA).

8.2 Lactation Risk Summary Vancomycin is present in human milk following intravenous administration, however, there are insufficient data to inform the levels. There are no data on the effects of vancomycin on the breastfed infant or milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for TYZAVAN and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from TYZAVAN or from the underlying maternal condition.

8.4 Pediatric Use TYZAVAN is indicated in pediatric patients (1 month and older) for the treatment of septicemia, infective endocarditis, skin and skin structure infections, bone infections and lower respiratory tract infections for whom appropriate dosing with this formulation can be achieved [see Indications and Usage (1.1 to 1.5) and Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.3) ] . Because of the limitations of the available strengths and administration requirements (i.e., administration of fractional doses is not recommended) of TYZAVAN, and to avoid unintentional overdose, this product is not recommended for use if a dose of TYZAVAN that does not equal 500 mg, 750 mg, 1 g, 1.25 g, 1.5 g, 1.75 g and 2 g is required, and an alternative formulation of vancomycin should be considered [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.3) ] . More severe infusion related reactions related to vancomycin administration may occur in pediatric patients. In pediatric patients, monitor vancomycin serum concentration and renal function when administering TYZAVAN [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. Concomitant administration of vancomycin and intravenous anesthetic agents has been associated with erythema and histamine-like flushing in all patients including pediatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] .

8.5 Geriatric Use TYZAVAN is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] , and it may be useful to monitor renal function [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] .

8.6 Renal Impairment Dosage adjustment of Vancomycin Injection must be made in patients with impaired renal function [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] . Measure trough vancomycin serum concentrations to guide intravenous therapy, especially in patients with impaired renal function or fluctuating renal function.

Vancomycin is an antibacterial drug [see Microbiology (12.4) ] .